External Nutrient Load and Determination of the Trophic Status of Lake Ziway
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30732/ijbbb.20180302001Keywords:
Lake Ziway, external nutrient load, eutrophication, trophic status, chlorophyll-aAbstract
Lake Ziway is shallow freshwater located in Northern part of Ethiopian Rift Valley. Expansions of the flower industry, fisheries, intensive agricultural activities, fast population growth lead to deterioration of water quality and depletion of aquatic biota. The objectives of the present study are to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations in the external nutrient load and determine the trophic status of Lake Ziway in 2014 and 2015. The nutrients and Chlorophyll-a were measured according to the standard procedures outlined in APHA, 1999. From the result Ketar and Meki Rivers catchment showed the major sources of external nutrient loads to the lake ecosystem. The mean external soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and total nitrogen (TN) loads to Lake Ziway were 230, 2772, 4925 and 24016 kg day-1, respectively. A general trend which was expected that the nutrient loads would be much higher in rainy season than in dry season. The mean concentrations of trophic state variables for TN, TP and Chla were 6700, 212 and 42 mg L-1, respectively. The mean values of TSI-TP, TSI-Chl-a, TSI-TN and TSI-SD were 79, 66, 81 and 83, respectively and the overall evaluation of Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI) of Lake Ziway was 77. Therefore, the lake is under eutrophic condition. The mean values of TN: TP ratio was 48 which were very high. The trophic state index determined with chlorophyll-a showed lower value than those determined with all trophic state indices values of TN, TP, and SD which indicated that non-algal turbidity affected light attenuation for algal growth. This suggested that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in Lake Ziway. Due to its importance as being the lake is an intensive agricultural site, management solutions must be urgently developed in order to avoid the destruction of the lake.
References
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52. Tilahun, G. 2006. Temporal dynamics of the species composition, abundance and size-fractionated biomass and primary production of phytoplankton in Lakes Ziway, Awasa and Chamo. Ph.D. Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
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55. USEPA. 2000. Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual, Lakes and Reservoirs, US EPA, Washington D.C., EPA 822-B 00 -001.
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57. Wood, R., Prosser, V., Baxter, R. 1978. Optical characteristics of the Ethiopian Rift valley lakes. Ethiopia. SINET-Ethiop. J. Sc., 1,73-85.
58. Yang, J., Skogley E., Schaff B., Kim J. 1998. A simple spectrophotometric determination of nitrate in water. Soil Sci. Soci. American J., 62, 1108 – 1115
59. Zeray, L., Roehrig, J, Alamerew, D. 2007. Climate Change Impact on Lake Ziway Watershed Water Availability, Ethiopia, 1, 1-6.
2. An K, Park S. 2003. Influence of seasonal monsoon on the trophic state deviation in an Asian reservoir. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 145, 267–287.
3. APHA (American Public Health Association). 1999. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th ed., Washington D.C
4. Becht, R., Odada, E., Higgins, S. 2005. Lake Naivasha: experience and lessons learned brief. 1, 277-298
5. Belay, A, Wood, R. 1984. Primary production of five Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes. Internat Verein Limnol., 22, 1187-1192
6. Beneberu, G, Mengistou, S. 2009. Oligotrophication Trend of Lake Ziway. SINET: Ethiop. J. Sci., 32, 141-148.
7. Cannicci, G, Almagia, F. 1947. Notizie sulla “Facies” planctonica di alcuni laghi della Fossa Galla. Boll. Pesca Piscicolt. Idrobiol, 2, 54–77.
8. Carlson, R, Havens, K. 2005. Simple Graphical methods for the interpretation of relationships between trophic state variables. Lake and Reserv. Manage. 21, 107-118
9. Carlson, R. 1991. Expanding the Trophic State Concept to Identify Non-Nutrient Limited Lakes and Reservoirs. Enhancing the Status’s lake Management Programs, 1, 59-71
10. Carlson, R. 1977. A tropical state index for lakes. Limnology and oceanography, 22, 1-10
11. Chen, Y., Fan, C., Teubner K, Dokulil M. 2003. Changes of nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll-a in a large shallow lake, Taihu, China: an 8-year investigation. Hydrobiologia, 506, 273 - 279.
12. Legesse, D., Valett, C., Gasse, F. 2001. Precipitation-runoff modeling in the Ziway-Shala Basin, Ethiopian Rift Valley.
13. Deriemaecker, A. 2013. MSC Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
14. Dessalegn, Z. 2007. Temporal dynamics of biomass and primary production of phytoplankton in relation to some physico-chemical factors in Lake Kuriftu, Ethiopia
15. Desta, H., Lemma, B., Albert, G., Stellmacher, T. 2016. Degradation of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia: A study of the environmental perceptions of school students. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 20, 243–255
16. Erik, J., Mariana, M., Thomas, A., Martin, S., Torben, L., Lauridsen, K., Meryem, B., Sandra, B, Pietro, V. 2014. Climate Change Impacts On Lakes: An Integrated Ecological Perspective Based On A Multi-Faceted Approach, With Special Focus On Shallow Lakes. J. Limnol, 73, 88-111
17. Fetahi, T. 2010. PhD Thesis, Vienna University, Austria.
18. Fisher, M, Reddy, K, Thomas, J. 2005. Internal nutrient loads from sediments in shallow, subtropical lake, lake and reservoir management, 21, 338 - 349
19. Francisco, R. MSC. 2008. Thesis, Wageningen University, Belgium
20. Gain, S., Baldys, S. 1995. Nutrient loading to Lake Lewisville, North-Central Texas, 1984-87, Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4076
21. Galvez-Cloutier, R., Boillot, S., Triffaut-Bouchet, G., Bourget, A., Soumis-Dugas, G. 2010. An Evaluation of Several In-Lake Restoration Techniques to Improve the Water Quality Problem. Environ. Man, 1, 1-15.
22. Gebre-Mariam, Z, Taylor, W. 1997. Dynamics of Phytoplankton In Relation to Physico-Chemical Factors in Lake Bishoftu, Ethiopia. J. Plankt. Res., 19, 647 - 654
23. Gebre-Mariam, Z. 2002. The effects of wet and dry seasons on concentrations of solutes and phytoplankton biomass in seven Ethiopian rift-valley lakes. Limnologica, 32, 169-179
24. Havens, K., Fukushima, T., Xie, P., Iwakuma, T., James, R., Takamura, N., Hanazato, T., Yamamoto, T. 2001. Nutrient dynamics and the eutrophication of shallow lakes Kasumigaura (Japan), Donghu (PR China), and Okeechobee. Environ. Pollul., 11, 263 - 272
25. Huai-en, L., Joseph, H., Ming, C. 2003. Nutrient Load Estimation Methods for Rivers. International Journal of Sediment Research, 18, 346-351
26. IBC. 2005. Site Action Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Lake Ziway Biodiversity (Rift Valley Lakes Project). Institute of Biodiversity, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 76.
27. Jarosiewicz, A., Ficek, D., Zapadka, T. 2011. Limnol. Rev, 11, 15 - 23
28. Kalff, J. 1983. Phosphorus limitation in some tropical African lakes. Hydrobiologia, 100, 101-112
29. Kratzer, R., Brezonik, P. 1981. A Carlson-type trophic state index for nitrogen in Florida lakes. Wat. Resour. Bull, 17,713-715.
30. Kebede, E., Gebre-Mariam, Z., Ahlgreen, A. 1994. Chemical Composition of Industrial Effluents and Their Effect on the Survival of Fish and Eutrophication of Lake Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. Hydrobiologia, 288, 1 -12
31. Kebede, E., Gebre-Mariam, Z., Ahlgreen, A. 1994. Chemical Composition of Industrial Effluents and Their Effect on the Survival of Fish and Eutrophication of Lake Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. .Hydrobiologia., 288,1 -12
32. Kebede, E., Willen, E. 1998. Phytoplankton in a salinity series of lakes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Algolog. Studies., 89, 63-96
33. Kitaka, N., Harper, D., Mavuti, K. 2002. Phosphorus inputs to Lake Naivasha, Kenya, from its catchment and the trophic state of the lake. Hydrobiologia, 488, 73 - 80
34. Lau, S., Lane, S. 2002. Biological and chemical factors influencing shallow lake eutrophication: a long-term study, The Science of the Total Environment, 288, 167-181
35. Major, Y. 2006. MSc, Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
36. Matthews, R., Hilles, M., Pelletier., G. 2002. Determining trophic state in Lake Whatcom, Washington (USA), a soft water lake exhibiting seasonal nitrogen limitation. Hydrobiologia, 468, 107-121.
37. Mepham, R., Hughes, R., Hughes, J. 1992. A directory of African Wetlands, Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC.
38. Meshesha, T., Tsunekawa, A., Tsubo, M. 2012. Continuing land degradation: cause–effect in Ethiopia’s central Rift Valley land Degradation and Development, 23, 130 -143
39. Ndungu, J., Augustijn, M., Hulscher, H., Kitaka, N., Mathooko, J. 2013. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 18, 317 - 328.
40. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 1982. Eutrophication of waters. Monitoring, assessment and control. Environment Directorate, OECD, Paris, 154.
41. Ogato, T., Kifle, D., Lemma, B. 2015. Underwater Light climate, thermal and chemical characteristics of the tropical soda Lake Chitu, Ethiopia: Spatio-temporal variations, Limnologica, 52, 1 - 10
42. O’sullivan, P., Reynolds, C. 2004. The Lakes Handbook Volume 2 Limnology and Limnetic Ecology, Blackwell Publisher, USA
43. Prasad, D., Siddaraju, G. 2012. Carlson’s Trophic State Index for the assessment of trophic status of two Lakes in Mandya district, Adv Appl Sci Res, 3, 2992 - 2996
44. Ramesh, A., Krishnaiah, S. 2014. Assessment of Trophic Status of Bellandur Lake, Bangalore, India by using USEPA Technique. Int. J. Engig. & Techno., 4, 1- 6.
45. Shah, J., Pandit, A., Shah, M. 2014. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Nitrogen and phosphorus in Wular Lake Leading to Eutrophication, Ecologia, 4, 44-55.
46. Smith, S. 1984. Phosphorus versus nitrogen limitation in the marine environment. Limnology, UK.
47. Smith, V. 1982. Phosphorus versus nitrogen limitation in the marine environment. Limnol Oceanogr, 27, 1101 - 1111.
48. Søndergaard, M., Jeppesen, E. 2001. Retention and Internal Loading of Phosphorus in Shallow, Eutrophic Lakes. Review Article. The Scientific World, 1, 427- 442.
49. Talling, J., Driver, D. 1963. Some problem in estimation of chlorophyll a in phytoplankton. Proceeding Conference on primary productivity measurement, marine and fresh water U.S, Atomic energy comm., TID, 7663, 142 -150.
50. Tamire, G., Mengistou, S. 2012. Macrophytes species composition, distribution and diversity in relation to some physicochemical factors in the littoral zone of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia, Afr. J. Ecol, 51, 66 - 77.
51. Tilahun, G. 1988. A seasonal study on phytoplankton primary production in relation to light and nutrients in Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. MSc Thesis. Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
52. Tilahun, G. 2006. Temporal dynamics of the species composition, abundance and size-fractionated biomass and primary production of phytoplankton in Lakes Ziway, Awasa and Chamo. Ph.D. Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
53. Tilahun, G., Gunnel, A. 2010. Seasonal variations in phytoplankton biomass and primary production in the Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes Ziway, Awasa and Chamo – The basis for fish production, Limnologica., 40, 330 - 342
54. Turdu, C., Bernard, G., Elisabeth, G. 1999. The Ziway–Shala lake basin system, Main Ethiopian Rift: Influence of volcanism, tectonics, and climatic forcing on basin formation and sedimentation, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 150,135–177
55. USEPA. 2000. Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual, Lakes and Reservoirs, US EPA, Washington D.C., EPA 822-B 00 -001.
56. Wetzel, R., Likens, G. 2000. Limnological Analyses, 3rd edit., Saunders, USA
57. Wood, R., Prosser, V., Baxter, R. 1978. Optical characteristics of the Ethiopian Rift valley lakes. Ethiopia. SINET-Ethiop. J. Sc., 1,73-85.
58. Yang, J., Skogley E., Schaff B., Kim J. 1998. A simple spectrophotometric determination of nitrate in water. Soil Sci. Soci. American J., 62, 1108 – 1115
59. Zeray, L., Roehrig, J, Alamerew, D. 2007. Climate Change Impact on Lake Ziway Watershed Water Availability, Ethiopia, 1, 1-6.
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2018-09-01
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Tibebe, D., Beshah, F. Z., Lemma, B., Kassa, Y., & Bhaskarwar, A. N. (2018). External Nutrient Load and Determination of the Trophic Status of Lake Ziway. CSVTU International Journal of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Biomedical, 3(2), 01–16. https://doi.org/10.30732/ijbbb.20180302001
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